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1. The Fertilizer Recommendation Support Tool (FRST) Initiative: National Survey on Soil Fertility Recommendations and Correlation/Calibration DatabaseSoil fertility testing is an integral tool used in nutrient management planning, providing information needed to determine where nutrients are required and how much to apply. While a great deal of effort has been successfully invested in standardizing soil test methods in the U.S. over the last few decades, up-to-date correlation/calibration studies are lacking in many states. In most cases, soil test correlation/calibration efforts lead by land-grant universities are on a state-by-state or lab-by-lab... S.E. Lyons, J.T. Spargo, D.L. Osmond, A.W. Pearce, N.A. Slaton, D.K. Arthur, P.J. Kleinman, J.M. Mcgrath |
2. Evaluating Nutrient Uptake and Partitioning for Hybrid Carrot Seed Production in Central OregonHybrid carrot seed production is prominent in Central Oregon, however plant nutrient uptake dynamics in this crop are not well understood. The aim of this research was to evaluate nutrient uptake and partitioning during the production cycle of a modern Nantes-type hybrid carrot. Trials were conducted in two commercial carrot seed production fields planted to ‘Nantes 969’. Below- and above-ground plant biomass was destructively sampled and separated into roots, tops, and umbels throughout... E. Jeliazkova, A. Moore, J. Spring, T. Wilson |
3. Nitrogen and Water Management for Optimized Sugar Beet Yield and Sugar ContentSugar beet (SB) production is based on maximizing: root yield, and sucrose content, and sucrose recovery efficiency. Efficient nitrogen (N) and water management are key for successful SB production. Nitrogen deficits in the soil can reduce root and sugar yield. Overapplication of N can reduce sucrose content and increase nitrate impurities which lowers sucrose recovery. Application of N in excess of SB crop need leads to vigorous canopy growth, while compromising root development and sugar production.... O.S. Walsh, S. Shafian, D. Jayawardena |
4. Sensor-Based Nitrogen for Spring WheatManagement of nitrogen (N) fertilizer during wheat production needs to vary depending on the variety as they have different N requirements. Though many growers prefer planting older varieties that they are already familiar with, increasing the knowledge on N requirements of newly released varieties will help to improve the adoption of these varieties by growers. Therefore, the main goals of this study were to assess grain yield, grain N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) of new and traditional... D.M. Jaywardena, O.S. Walsh |
5. Improving Corn Nitrogen Management Recommendations in the Northwest U.S.The current nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations for corn in the Northwest U.S. were developed from limited research (14 potential site-years) in the 1970’s and 1980’s. New data is needed to improve N fertilizer recommendations. Between 2010 and 2017, 17 N rate studies were conducted. Fifteen site-years were conducted for corn grain and 9 site-years for corn silage. Research was conducted on diverse soil types, tillage systems, irrigation systems, and... D.D. Tarkalson, D.L. Bjorneberg |
6. Residue Decomposition of Surface and Incorporated Barley, Corn, and Wheat at Varying Fertilizer-N RatesCereal crops are commonly grown in southern Idaho and most parts of the western United States. These cereal crops are routinely harvested for their grain with the remaining plant material (chaff, stems, leaves, etc.) left in the field to decompose prior to planting of following spring crops. Understanding the effects of post-harvest residue management on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) residue is important for optimizing... C. Rogers, G. Thurgood, B. Dari, J. Marshall, O.S. Walsh, K. Schroeder, G. Loomis |
7. Vineyard Soil Health: What Soil Properties are Most Important?Washington is the second leading producer of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) in the US, with over 60,000 acres in vineyards. With such a substantial acreage, it is crucial to know how management practices may affect soil and vine health in wine grape systems. Soil health indicators and threshold values have been extensively studied in commodity crops in the Midwest and the northeastern US, but there is much less information available for specialty crops in the Pacific Northwest. Soil... M. Mcilquham, D. Griffin-lahue, K. Sarpong, L. Michel |
8. Phosphorus Efficiencies of Liquid P Fertilizers as Evidenced by P Adsorption Isotherms of Western Calcareous SoilsThe high levels of free lime or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in arid Western U.S.A. soils reacts with phosphorus (P) fertilizers to form Ca-P minerals that are not available to plants through P fixation. Enhanced efficiency P fertilizers may potential decrease P fixation. The objective of this study was to identify P fixations levels associated with several enhanced efficiency P fertilizers on a basic soil (pH 8.03) over a 1-, 3-, and 7-day time period, and to use that data to adjust P fertilizer... J. Williams, S. Davis, K. Dabbs |
9. Polymer Coated Urea and Urea Blends on PotatoPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a globally important crop with significant economic and environmental impacts. Nitrogen (N) has a large impact in both instances. Polymer coated urea (PCU) is a N source with the ability of improving production and the environment. Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN) is a PCU that may reduce the need for continual N application throughout the season. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impacts on potato tuber yield and quality with uncoated... E. Carlock, A. Weigel, T. Searle, T. Hopkins, J. Williams, B. Hopkins |
10. Source and Rate Interactions for Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus FertilizersPhosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient and plays a major role in the health and wellbeing of ecosystems. Deficient P is detrimental to plants. Excessive P is also detrimental to plants and is potentially harmful environmentally. Soil testing is an effective tool to help growers determine if fertilizer P is needed and, if so, the rate that is needed to be applied. Rates higher than the recommended amount can be detrimental to plant health and decrease yield. In addition to applying the right... A. Norris, B. Hopkins |
11. Boron Fertilization with Aspire® in Alfalfa and PotatoPotassium (K) and boron (B) are essential nutrients. The spatially even distribution of applying K fertilizer is typically not a problem, but for B fertilizer application, it is a problem. This is especially difficult for crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) due to low B rate and limited soil exploration by roots. Fertilizer with K and B fused into a single granule could result in even distribution. Trials were performed to evaluate the performance... E. Woolley, T. Searle, T. Hopkins, J. Williams, B. Hopkins |
12. Developing Practical Phosphorus and Potassium Tissue Test Recommendations and Utilizing Struvite in Modern Alfalfa SystemsTissue testing whole alfalfa plants at harvest provides opportunities to direct nutrient decision making more accurately. Critical levels developed allow in- season recommendations and applications and would save producers time and effort since growers are already taking samples for hay quality. Three experiments were designed including: P Study with differing rates of P2O5 using monoammonium phosphate (MAP); including: 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 lbs./acre on an 8.1 ppm P soil (Olson P method);... S. Norberg, E. Mackey, S. Fransen, J. Harrison, D. Llewellyn, L. Whitefield |
13. Canola Roots of Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency: New Lessons for PNW Wheat GrowersThe semi-arid inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW) has primarily produced wheat for 125 years due to favorable climate, soils, economics and policy drivers. Shifting drivers over the past decade related to energy, climate change, regional and global markets have created new opportunities for the integration of canola into iPNW wheat-dominated rotations. Traditional wheat grower mindsets required an agronomic reboot, forged by an understanding of canola vs. wheat physio morphology, an explosion of variety... W. Pan, T. Maaz, I. Madsen, W. Hammac, M. Reese |
14. Nebraska Nitrogen Management Present and FutureUniversity of Nebraska faculty have been refining their N rate recommendation procedure since the 1970s. At that time, they introduced a procedure for predicting soil nitrate-N availability and effect on subsequent corn N needs. In the 1990’s this procedure was refined based on 81 state wide N rate experiments. In 2003-2006 it was re-confirmed with 32 state wide irrigated corn trials. The current algorithm is the following: N need (lb/ac) = [35 + (1.2 x EY) - (8 x NO3- N ppm) - (0.14 x EY... C. Shapiro, R. Ferguson, C. Wortmann, T. Shaver, B. Krienke, G. Hergert, B. Maharjan |
15. Cover Crops for Hop Production in Semi-arid ClimatesTilling interrows to control weeds is a common practice in hop production, especially in the Yakima Valley of Washington which receives 8 inches average annual precipitation and produces 74% of US hops. Dry, tilled interrows leaves topsoil prone to erosion and decreases soil organic matter over time. The goal of this three-year study is to determine cover crop species that would be profitable weed control alternatives to tillage for hop producers in semi-arid climates by providing ground cover,... S. Del moro, J. Davenport, C. Jones |
16. Precision Sensing for Improved Wheat ProductionImproving nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) from current 35-40% is important for growers’ sustainability and environmental quality. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are proposed as an alternative to traditional field scouting for making crop management decisions. Precision sensors and cameras mounted on the UAVs provide high quality images which can be used to make fertilizer recommendations in-season based on crop nutrient status. A study was conducted at 5 locations in Southern Idaho in... O. Walsh, J. Marshall, J. Mcclintick-chess, S. Blanscet, C. Jackson |
17. Drought and Nitrogen Stress Effects on Maize Canopy TemperatureWater scarcity is a major threat to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. Management practices, such as limited irrigation, that seek to maximize the productivity of a limited water supply are critical. Remote sensing of crop canopy temperature is a useful tool for assessing crop water status and for more precise irrigation management. However, there is potential that nutrient deficiencies could compound the interpretation of water status from leaf temperature by altering leaf color and... A. Carroll, C. Lindsey, J. Baker, B. Hopkins, N. Hansen |
18. Nitrogen Management and Budgets for Irrigated Cotton in the Western USAWe present research on new and improved and updated N fertilizer management recommendations for 4-bale/acre cotton based on a 36-inch NO3-N soil test for irrigated cotton from a 2-year study on surface/furrow irrigation study and a 1-year study under sprinkler irrigation. We also compared UAN with UAN plus the N loss inhibitor Agrotain Plus. Additionally, we compared reflectance- based N fertilizer management with soil test-based management. Nitrogen balances indicated that residual soil NO3 was... K. Bronson, J. Mon, E. Bautista, D. Hunsaker |
19. Stratified Soil pH Identification ProjectColumbia County Washington is in the foothills of the Blue Mountain Range and the edge of the Palouse wheat country. The soils of the farming region are mostly a rich silt loam having a rainfall ranging from 12 inches to 25 inches north to south respectively with elevations from 1000 to 3200 feet. About 90% of the cropping systems have adopted conservation tillage, direct seeding or no-till, which has been good for the management of soil erosion. In April 2006, intense soil sampling (1 cm increments)... P. Carter, T. Bruegman |
20. Alfalfa Contributes More Nitrogen to Following Crop Than Previously ThoughtAlfalfa in high-yielding environments fixes significant amounts of atmospheric N2, a portion of which benefits succeeding non-legume crops and reduces fertilizer N requirement by an amount sometimes called the “legume N credit”. Field research-based estimates of the legume N credit in California and other irrigated, semi-arid or arid environments are sparse in the literature. We conducted replicated plot experiments at three field station sites in California using wheat as an indicator... S. Pettygrove, E. Lin, D. Putnam, M. Lundy, S. Orloff, S. Wright |
21. Sensor-based Technologies for Nitrogen Management in Spring WheatCrop sensor-based systems with developed algorithms for making mid-season fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations are commercially available to producers in some parts of the world. Although there is growing interest in these technologies by grain producers in Montana, use is limited by the lack of local research under Montana’s semiarid conditions. A field study was carried out at two locations in 2011, three locations in 2012, and two locations in 2013 in North West Montana. The objectives... O. Walsh, A. Pandey, R. Christiaens |
22. Evaluation of Micro-carbon Technology-based P Fertilizer, Super Phos®, in Spring WheatSuper Phos® (SP; 0-50-0) by Bio Huma Netics Inc. (Gilbert, AZ) is a Micro Carbon TechnologyTM – based phosphorus (P) fertilizer specifically formulated to resist “tie-up” with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) to remain water soluble and available to plant roots. The objective was to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of topdress and foliar application of SP, with traditional P fertilizers – ammonium polyphosphate (APP; 10-34-0), diammonium phosphate (DAP;... O. Walsh, A. Pandey, R. Christiaens |
23. Environmentally Smart Nitrogen Performance in Northern Great Plains’ Spring Wheat Production SystemsField trials were conducted at three locations in Montana to evaluate the efficacy of Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN) (44-0-0) as a nitrogen (N) source for spring wheat. The ESN, urea (46-0-0), and a 50%-50% urea-ESN blend was applied at seeding at three rate levels - low, medium, and high - with actual rated dependent on the yield goal at each location, followed by urea application of 0 or 40 lb N/a at Feekes 5. Grain yield (GY) varied from 265 to 815 lb/a and grain protein (GP) content... O. Walsh, A. Pandey, R. Christiaens |
24. Liquid N Fertilizer Evaluation in Spring WheatSeveral liquid N products are currently marketed for fertilization in various crops, including spring wheat. Urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) - the most commonly used liquid N fertilizer - is associated with crop damage due to corrosiveness. This study aimed to answer the following questions: (1) Are liquid urea (LU) and High NRG-N (HNRGN) superior to UAN in improving spring wheat grain yield and protein content? And (2) what is the optimum dilution ratio of foliar fertilizers and the threshold at... O. Walsh, A. Pandey, R. Christiaens |
25. Effects of Enhanced Mixing and Minimal Co2 Supplementation on Biomass and Nitrogen Concentration in a Nitrogen-fixing Anabaena Sp. Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer Production CultureNitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are attractive as a nitrogen fertilizer because they are ubiquitous in nature and have minimal nutrient requirements. Our lab is scaling up production of a local strain of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. in on-farm open raceways to determine its exonomic ppotential as a nitrogen fertilizer for horticultural crops. Our goal is to increase productivity in an organically certifiable growth medium above the current two week batch production levels... J. G. davis, J. Wenz, H. Storteboom |
26. Advancing Nitrogen and Irrigation Management for Row Crops and Biofuel Crops in the Western USNitrogen, irrigation and N by irrigation studies from West Texas and central Arizona are discussed. In the first study with surface drip, deficit irrigation, N fertilizer rate response was observed with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in 50 and 75 % ET replacement, but not with dryland or 25 % ET. Irrigation level response was evident with LEPA in two of three years in Lamesa Texas, but not in a wet, third year. Variable-rate N showed a more consistent response than blanket-rate N in that... K. Bronson, J. Mon, D. Hunsaker, G. Wang |
27. New Tools in Soil and Manure Test Information Interpretation in UtahAn effort is underway to update the USU Analytical Laboratory’s (USUAL) procedures and data presentation/interpretation capabilities. Modern database management tools and analytical instruments have, in many cases, gone under-exploited in reducing sample turn-around time, in improving data dissemination and interpretation, and in providing research and extension personnel with access to comprehensive historical and current trend data on soil fertility, and manure and plant analysis. This... G. Cardon, J. Kotuby-amacher |
28. Soil Testing to Improve Phosphorus Management on Intensive Vegetable Farms in HawaiiAccording to a recent survey of soil samples sent to the Agricultural Diagnostic Service Center (ADSC) at the University of Hawaii between October 2002 and September 2003, a majority of the samples showed soil test P (STP) levels in the high or excessive categories. Despite high soil test P, many farmers in Hawaii continue to apply P fertilizers. We began a project to evaluate soil P status on a range of vegetable farms throughout the state, to determine crop response to P fertilizers on soils... J. Deenik, S. Fukuda, R. Hamasaki, R. Shimabuku, R. Uchida |
29. Best Management Practices (Bmps) for Ammonia Emissions Reduction from Animal Feeding Operations: a Colorado Case StudyAmmonia emissions from agriculture are a growing concern, in particular, in Colorado where nitrogen deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park has highlighted public concerns. Due to the high level of political pressure on agriculture to reduce its emissions, the agricultural community in Colorado has recently developed a Rocky Mountain National Park Ag Strategy for decreasing ammonia emissions from agriculture and nitrogen deposition in the park. The strategy includes the completion of a thorough... J. G. davis, A. Elliott, N. Marcillac, J. Pritchett, C. Stewart, A. Mink |
30. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertigation on PearsAvoiding over-application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers and increasing N and P use efficiency on pear orchards have significant benefits on pear productivity and the environment. Split fertigation of N and P fertilizers and banding application of N and P fertilizers may increase the use efficiency of applied N and P fertilizers compared with our current N and P management system -- single broadcasting application of dry N and P fertilizers to the soil surface. A field experiment... F. Yin, C. Seavert, J. Bai |
31. Improved Small Grain Nitrogen Use Efficiency with California Site-specific Decision SupportSmall grains are grown throughout the state of California (CA) on approximately 500,000 acres annually. They are generally fall-sown and grown during the winter months when most precipitation occurs. Because precipitation and irrigation patterns vary across CA and there is a strong interaction between total water and plant available nitrogen (N), determining fertilizer N application recommendations is particularly challenging in this cropping system. With recent fertilizer price volatility,... N. Clark, M. Lundy, T. Nelsen, M. Leinfelder-miles, S. Light, G. Galdi, T. Getts, K. Mathesius |
32. Spoon-fed Nitrogen and Phosphorus Management for Subsurface Drip Irrigated Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is becoming a popular option for maximizing the water use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), especially in semi-arid environments of the Midsouth and Western United States. Applying fertilizers through SDI provides an opportunity to prescriptively apply nutrients at peak nutrient demand which could minimize loss and increase uptake, but the application timing is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to develop nitrogen (N) and... J.A. Burke, K.L. Lewis |
33. Stacking 4R Nutrient Management: PotatoThe 4Rs of nutrient management are research-based guidelines with the aim to improve the sustainability of major cropping systems and the environment without compromising crop yield and quality. The term “4R” represents fertilizer applied at the Right rate with the Right source, Right timing, and Right placement. The objective of this project is to evaluate the interactions of individual and combined 4R management practices. In 2020, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was grown... S.H. Stapley, C.C. Whitaker, N.C. Hansen, R.C. Christensen, R.R. Jensen, M.A. Yost, B.G. Hopkins |
34. Nitrogen Management to Increase Cotton Production in Conservation Cropping SystemsThe use of conservation management practices, like cover crops and no-tillage, is common in semi-arid cropping systems to reduce wind erosion. However, the use of these practices can also reduce cotton lint yield. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of nitrogen (N) management in conservation cropping systems to increase cotton lint yield. Two experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Complex for Advanced Research and Extension Systems in Lamesa, TX, USA. The first experiment... J.A. Burke, K.L. Lewis, J.L. Foster-malone |
35. Biosolids-based Fertilizers as a Nitrogen Source in California Small Grains SystemsSituation/ conditions In response to regulatory and economic pressure, California growers are becoming more familiar with nitrogen budgets. In addition to seeking out ways to improve nitrogen management strategies, growers can possibly benefit by incorporating alternative sources of nitrogen to feed their crops. Liquid injected or pelletized biosolids-based fertilizers from local waste streams and processing facilities are one source that growers are beginning to explore. As... K. Mathesius, D. Geisseler, M. Savidge, M. Lundy, T. Nelson, N. Andersen |
36. Nutrient Management for Semi-arid Cannabis ProductionThe industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) industry rapidly emerged in Utah in 2019 with nearly 480 new hectares of hemp production. Production declined and stabilized during 2019-2022 due to low returns in a flooded pharmaceutical market. Though small and specialized, the hemp production industry is still viable in Utah and surrounding states. Many questions remain on optimal production practices for this new and potentially high-value crop. Research throughout the United States... T. Sullivan, M. Yost, D. Boren, E. Creech, B. Bugbee |
37. Floral Hemp Responses to Nitrogen Fertilization in the High DesertThe performance of floral hemp under N fertilization is influenced by environmental conditions, management and cultivar selection. This field study evaluated the effect of no supplemental N and N fertilization at 90 kg ha-1 on three hemp cultivars (Berry Blossom, Red Bordeaux, and Tahoe Cinco) in Northern Nevada. Nitrogen increased plant height, canopy cover, stem diameter and shoot biomass, but other physiological parameters were dependent on cultivar. We evaluated the use... F. Barrios masias, M. Farnisa, J. Solomon, G. Miller |
38. ManureDB: Creating a Nationwide Manure Test DatabaseManure nutrients serve an important role in crop production, however compared with commercial fertilizers there is a lack of standardized information. When exact manure values are not known, manure book values have been referenced. Recent data from midwestern United States (US) labs indicates manure nutrient levels have changed from book values published by Midwest Plan Service (2004) and American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (2005). Manure laboratory analysis has improved... N.L. Bohl bormann, M.L. Wilson, E.L. Cortus, K. Janni, K. Silverstein, L. Gunderson |
39. Lime Incubation for Southern Idaho SoilsSoil acidity is a growing concern for agricultural productivity in Idaho, particularly in the eastern and northern regions where soils are trending acidic. Soil acidity below a pH 5.5 adversely affects the root development and nutrient uptake of crops like alfalfa, barley, and wheat. This study aims to determine the lime requirements for acidic soils in Idaho to optimize crop growth, specifically targeting pH levels of 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0. Soil samples were collected from various grower fields... K. Young, J. Spackman, T. Jacobsen, J. Sagers, J. Hatch, R. Ritchie, J. Williams, K. Schroeder, A. Adjesiwor |
40. Effect of 4R Nitrogen Management on Residual Soil Nitrate and Soil HealthNitrogen is one of the most important and expensive inputs for forage, grain, vegetable, and fruit crops. Excessive fertilizer reduces profit for farmers and can cause environmental harm. Nitrate leaching is the main factor contributing to rising nitrate levels in groundwater, leading to water quality degradation. The 4R nutrient stewardship framework aims to optimize fertilizer management. The Right rate matches the amount of fertilizer to the crop needs, the Right source matches fertilizer type... K. Deep, M. Yost, J. Williams, B. Hopkins, G. Cardon, B. Black |